Controlling access to certain features of BIND can prevent unauthorized access and attacks, such as denial of service (DoS). BIND access control list (acl) statements are lists of IP addresses and ranges. Each ACL has a nickname that you can use in several statements, such as allow-query, to refer to the specified IP addresses and ranges.
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additional-from-auth and additional-from-cache control the behaviour when zones have additional (out-of-zone) data or when following CNAME or DNAME records. These options are for used for configuring authoritative-only (non-caching) servers and are only effective if recursion no is specified in a global options clause or in a view clause. The default in both cases is yes. These statements may be used in a global options or in a view clause. The behaviour is defined by the table below:
Prior to BIND 9.5 auth-from-cache also controlled whether a recursive query (even when recursion no; was specified) would return a referral to the root servers (since these would, most likely, be available in the cache). Since BIND 9.5+ such queries are now failed with REFUSED status.
Since BIND 9.4 allow-query-cache (or its default) controls access to the cache and thus effectively determines recursive behavior. This was done to limit the number of, possibly inadvertant, OPEN DNS resolvers. allow-query-cache defines an address_match_list of IP address(es) which are allowed to issue queries that access the local cache - without access to the local cache recursive queries are effectively useless so, in effect, this statement (or its default) controls recursive behavior. Its default setting depends on:
Introduced with BIND 9.10. This statement applies to recursive servers (full service resolvers) and allows the user to control the time at which the cache may be refreshed. If the recursive server waits until the TTL of any cached record has reached zero then there will be a visible delay while the replacement record is being fetched from the authoritative server. In order to increase user visible performance BIND (since 9.10) by default now prefetches records if it accesses a cached record which has 2 seconds or less of TTL remaining. The prefetch statement allows the user to control this behaviour by defining the expiry-ttl-seconds which may lie in the range 0 to 10 seconds. The value 0 indicates that prefetch should be disabled (the cache will only be updated when the TTL reaches 0), values in the range 1 to 10 indicate that if a cached record is accessed and its remaining TTL is equal to or less than expiry-ttl-seconds the record will be prefetched to ensure consistent user performance (values greater than 10 will be silently reduced to 10).
Defines the IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) and optional port to be used as the source for outgoing queries from the server. The BIND default is any server interface IP address and a random unprivileged port (1024 to 65535). The optional port is only used to control UDP operations. avoid-v4-udp-ports and avoid-v6-udp-ports can be used to prevent selection of certain ports. This statement may be used in a view or a global options clause.
If recursion is set to 'yes' (the default) the server will always provide recursive query behaviour if requested by the client (resolver). If set to 'no' the server will only provide iterative query behaviour - normally resulting in a referral. If the answer to the query already exists in the cache it will be returned irrespective of the value of this statement. This statement essentially controls caching behaviour in the server. The allow-recursion statement and the view clauses can provide fine-grained control. This statement may be used in a view or a global options clause.
When adding a Reverse Address record to a reverse zone, the form is quite different. The Address field appears before the Hostname, and the hostname must always be entered in canonical form with a dot at the end, like www.example.com.. The Update reverse? field is replaced with Update forward?, which controls the automatic creation of a record in the corresponding forward zone. However, there is no option to overwrite an existing forward record - if one with the same name already exists, it will not be touched even if Yes is selected.
There is another set of options that you can edit for a master zone, stored in the named.conf file in the zone's section. These control which servers and clients are allowed to query records in the zone, do zone transfers and update records over the network. The most useful of these options specifies a list of slave DNS servers for the zone that should be notified when a change occurs, so that they can perform immediate zone transfers and thus remain synchronized.
At the bottom of the Zone Defaults page you will find several options that apply to all existing domains, but can all be set or overridden on a per-zone basis as explained in the Editing a master zone section. You can control which clients are allowed to query the server, and what kind of checking is done for the records of various domain types. Being able to limit the allowed client hosts is particularly useful, so that you can stop non-internal clients using your DNS server. However, you should make sure that master Internet zones hosted by your server are accessible to everyone, so that other DNS servers on the Internet can look them up.
The same form also contains fields for configuring BIND's behavior when doing zone transfers. You can control how long it will wait for a transfer to complete, the protocol used for transfers and the number that can be active at the same time. To edit these settings, follow these steps:
An access control list (or ACL) is list of IP addresses, IP networks or other ACLs that are grouped together under a single name. The ACL name can then be used when specifying the list of clients allowed to query, update or perform zone transfers from a zone. This can make be used to reduce the amount of duplication in your BIND configuration, and to make it clearer. For example, the ACL corpnet might match the IP networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 and 1.2.3.0/24, which are all part of your company's network. When configuring who can query a zone, you could just enter corpnet instead of that list of network addresses. To view and edit ACLs in Webmin, the steps to follow are :
An example may make this clearer - imagine for example than an ISP had granted addresses in the range 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.110 to Example Corporation, which owns the example.com domain. The company already runs its own DNS server to host the example.com zone, but wants to control reverse address resolution for its IP range as well. The ISP would create Name Alias records in the 192.168.1 zone pointing to the special sub-zone 192.168.1.100-110, which will contain the actual Reverse Address records named like 192.168.1.100-100.101. The ISP also needs to create a Name Server record for 192.168.1.100-110 which tells other servers that Example Corporation's DNS server should be used to find records under that zone.
Like others, the BIND DNS Server module allows you to control which of its features are available to a particular Webmin user or group. This can be useful for giving people the rights to manage only records in their own zones and nobody else's. Even though this would normally require root access to the records files, with Webmin it can be granted to people without giving them level of power that a root login would allow.
C-states control the sleep levels that a core can enter when it is idle. C-states are numbered starting with C0 (the shallowest state where the core is totally awake and executing instructions) and go to C6 (the deepest idle state where a core is powered off).
P-states control the desired performance (in CPU frequency) from a core. P-states are numbered starting from P0 (the highest performance setting where the core is allowed to use Intel Turbo Boost Technology to increase frequency if possible), and they go from P1 (the P-state that requests the maximum baseline frequency) to P15 (the lowest possible frequency).
The following sections describe the different processor state configurations and how to monitor the effects of your configuration. These procedures were written for, and apply to Amazon Linux; however, they may also work for other Linux distributions with a Linux kernel version of 3.9 or newer. For more information about other Linux distributions and processor state control, see your system-specific documentation.
This is the default processor state control configuration for the Amazon Linux AMI, and it is recommended for most workloads. This configuration provides the highest performance with lower variability. Allowing inactive cores to enter deeper sleep states provides the thermal headroom required for single or dual core processes to reach their maximum Turbo Boost potential.
C-states control the sleep levels that a core may enter when it is inactive. You may want to control C-states to tune your system for latency versus performance. Putting cores to sleep takes time, and although a sleeping core allows more headroom for another core to boost to a higher frequency, it takes time for that sleeping core to wake back up and perform work. For example, if a core that is assigned to handle network packet interrupts is asleep, there may be a delay in servicing that interrupt. You can configure the system to not use deeper C-states, which reduces the processor reaction latency, but that in turn also reduces the headroom available to other cores for Turbo Boost. 2ff7e9595c
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